Russian Liberalism's Complex History and Failures

Origins of Liberalism

Russian liberalism has always been an elite movement, with its proponents drawn from enlightened noblemen, professionals, and academicians rather than a commercial middle class.

Utilitarianism and Positivism

Prerevolutionary Russian liberals often embraced utilitarianism and positivism, philosophical movements that emphasized the greatest good for the greatest number and scientific objectivity. However, this approach led to the rejection of law in favor of subjective values.

Rejection of Utilitarianism and Idealism

Facing the illiberal consequences of utilitarianism, some Russian thinkers turned to idealism and religion, arguing for individual rights grounded in inherent personhood and absolute moral values.

Gradualism and Authoritarian Liberalism

Russian liberals often advocated for gradualism in implementing reforms, believing that Russia needed to develop respect for law and civil rights before democratic rights could be granted. They also supported authoritarian measures to force through these reforms, despite Western criticism.

Elitism and Contempt for the Masses

Russian liberals frequently expressed contempt for the masses, viewing them as uncivilized and incapable of self-governance. This elitism alienated ordinary Russians and undermined the credibility of liberal ideas.

Polarization and Authoritarianism

In the 1990s, Russian liberals embraced authoritarianism, supporting Yeltsin's unconstitutional actions and calling for the suppression of opposition. This further damaged liberalism's reputation and paved the way for the return of authoritarian rule under Putin.

Rejection of Liberalism and the Emergence of Illiberalism

Russia has now rejected liberalism outright, with illiberalism becoming the official ideology. Influential ideologues argue that liberalism undermines traditional values and cultural identity, making it a threat to Russia's mission to defend non-Western cultures.

Lessons for the West

The failure of Russian liberalism teaches us to avoid assuming the universality of Western values and to recognize the diversity of responses to liberalization in different cultures.